Polyethylene: formula, structure, and material properties
Polyethylene is one of the most widely used synthetic polymers, applied in the production of packaging, pipes, films, and numerous other products. Its popularity stems from its unique physical and chemical properties, ease of production, and versatile applications. In this article, we’ll explain the chemical formula of polyethylene, its structure, and why it has become indispensable across many industries.
Chemical Formula of Polyethylene
The chemical formula of polyethylene is simple: (C2H4)n, where “n” is the number of repeating units. The basic structure of polyethylene is based on repeated monomer units — ethylene — which is polymerized under specific conditions of catalysts, pressure, and temperature.
Visually, it looks like this:
[-CH2-CH2-]n
During polymerization, the double bond between the carbon atoms in the ethylene molecule breaks, forming long chains with single bonds — the backbone of the polyethylene macromolecule.
Structure of Polyethylene
The structure of polyethylene depends on synthesis conditions and determines the type:
- LDPE (Low-Density Polyethylene) — branched structure providing softness and flexibility;
- HDPE (High-Density Polyethylene) — tightly packed linear chains that make the material rigid and strong;
- LLDPE (Linear Low-Density Polyethylene) — linear structure with short side branches, combining strength and elasticity.
Main Properties of Polyethylene
- Chemical resistance — insoluble in water and resistant to acids, alkalis, and many solvents;
- High flexibility — especially for LDPE and LLDPE types;
- Tear and puncture resistance — important for packaging and logistics;
- Low density — resulting in lightweight, user-friendly products;
- Excellent electrical insulation — commonly used for cable and wire coatings;
- Thermal resistance — stable within a range of -60°C to +80°C depending on the type;
- Recyclability — polyethylene can be recycled, reducing environmental impact.
Overview of Polyethylene Types
Each type of polyethylene has unique benefits that define its use:
- LDPE — ideal for flexible packaging, films, food bags, and disposable products;
- HDPE — used for bottles, heavy-duty bags, sewage and water pipes;
- LLDPE — commonly used for stretch film, garbage bags, and packaging for bulky items.
Applications of Polyethylene Across Industries
- Production of packaging for goods and food products;
- Manufacturing of T-shirt bags, courier mailers for shipping and delivery;
- Creation of infrastructure pipes (water, sewage, gas);
- Protective films for construction and agriculture;
- Containers for chemicals, cleaning agents, and fertilizers;
- Medical components and sterile packaging.
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Polyethylene Packaging from Cherpack
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